How Do Changes in Family Structure Influence Food Trends
Nutr Res Pract. 2014 Aug; viii(iv): 463–468.
Association between family unit structure and food group intake in children
Youn Joo Baek
1Department of Food and Diet, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
Hee Young Paik
aneDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
Jae Eun Shim
twoDepartment of Nutrient and Nutrition, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Korea.
Received 2013 Dec 12; Revised 2014 April 21; Accepted 2014 Apr 27.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTOVES
Family has an touch on on dietary intake of children as a proximal food surround and family structures are changing and becoming more diverse. This study was performed to identify the association betwixt family structure and food grouping intake of children anile 3-18 years in Korea.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
A total of iii,217 children with consummate information on variables for household information, dietary intake and sampling weights were obtained from 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children's family unit construction was classified into 3 groups (Living with both parents, Living with one parent and Living without parents). To evaluate children's food group intake, scores of individual nutrient groups ('Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products') was calculated from percentage adherence to the recommended servings of the Korean Nutrient Guidance System (KFGS). 'Nutrient group hateful score' was obtained past calculating the boilerplate of 5 food group scores.
RESULTS
Afterward adjusting for historic period, sex activity, number of family members, and household income, children living with both parents had college scores in 'Fruits' (P < 0.01), 'Milk and Dairy products' (P < 0.05), and mean score of individual food group score (P < 0.001) compared to children living with one parent. Individual food group scores and mean scores of individual food group scores were associated with different socio-demographic factors in study children. Family structure was associated with 'Fruits,' 'Milk and Dairy products' score and mean scores of food group scores.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that different approach might be required to solve nutrition trouble in children depending on their family structure and other socio-demographic factors.
Keywords: Family construction, children, food grouping intake, Korean food guidance organisation
INTRODUCTION
Children continue to grow and develop physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially every bit they transit into adulthood [one]. Adequate diet status and salubrious eating habit during this period are fundamental to children's growth and development, and ultimately protect them from chronic diseases (east.g. center illness, cancer, and diabetes etc.) later in their life [2]. Furthermore, obese child had 2-six.5 folds higher risk for becoming an obese developed compared to non-obese child [iii]. Therefore healthful dietary intake during this menstruum carries an of import pregnant not just in childhood but also for a good for you later life.
Family is a basic unit of society that children encounter in their life, which encourages interaction between family unit members and inevitably gives an bear on on one another [4]. Especially family is a proximal food surroundings and has an impact on food choices, dietary behaviors, and food intake of children through the mechanisms such as parent part modeling, social support, and social norms [5]. Thus, family is considered to exist an of import factor associated with dietary intake in children.
In recent decades, family unit structure has changed with an increase in divorce, remarriage, non-marital childbearing, and dual earner families in Korean club: in that location is an increase in custodial grandparent or unmarried parent families while subtract in traditional nuclear family consisting of parents and unmarried sons and daughters [6]. A large book of studies supported that there were clan betwixt the family structure or household type and children's eating habits and health status. Some studies indicated that children in single parent family, reconstituted families, or family unit without patents were more than likely to have unhealthy eating habits such as irregular breakfast consumption, eating less vegetable, and drinking alcohol compared to children living with both parents [seven,8,9,10]. As well, in that location are several studies which suggest a positive association betwixt child health including obesity, asthma and family unit construction in unmarried-mother families and custodial grandparent families [11,12,13,14,15,xvi,17].
While several studies have investigated an association of family unit construction with children'southward eating habit, health and well-being [vii,8,ix,10,11,12,13,14,fifteen,16,17], studies that have examined the clan with children's food intake are scarce. Diversity and adequacy of foods which compose meals should besides exist taken into account in assessment of nutritional status [18]. Therefore, this report aims to examine the association between family structure and nutrient group intake of children aged three-18 years in Korea.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Study bailiwick
The analyses were performed using data from the Fifth Korea National Wellness and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) 2010-2011, which was conducted by Korea Centers for Disease Command and Prevention (KCDC) [19]. The survey participants were recruited from a nationally representative sample of not-institutionalized Korean population aged 1 year or more. The survey consisted of Health Interview Survey, Health Examination Survey, and Nutrition Survey and a rolling survey sampling design and a circuitous, stratified multistage, probability-cluster sampling design were applied.
This study focused on three,663 children aged iii-18 years (21% of a total of 17,476 KNHANES V (2010-2011) participants). The analytic data set included data from a full of 3,217(1,678 boys and ane,539 girls) children with complete data on variables for household information, dietary intake by using single 24-hour retrieve method and sampling weights (Fig. 1). Children's family unit structure was classified into three groups: 'Living with both parents', 'Living with one parent', and 'Living without parents'. The distribution of children by family construction showed that 6.6% lived without parents, 12.3% lived with ane parent, and 81.1% lived with both parents.
Flow chart of subject disposition. i)Sample weights for wellness interview survey were applied for estimates
Definition of variables
Living expanse was classified into 3 groups: 'Metropolises', 'Small and medium-sized cities', and 'Rural' areas. Because of small proportion of some household income quartile (living with both parents: Q1 7.4%, living without parents: Q3 7.5%, Q4 7.6%), quartile classification of household income in KNHANES data had coalesced into two groups: 'Below 50th percentile' and 'Over 50th percentile'.
Dietary intakes of subjects were obtained using 24-60 minutes remember data. Consumed foods were categorized into five major food groups ('Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs, and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits', and 'Milk and Dairy products') and the amount was converted into number of servings based on the Korean Food Guidance Organization (KFGS) [20]. Food items unrepresented in KFGS and mixed food items (e.g. hamburger, dumpling) were classified into five food groups and the amount was converted into servings based on newly-developed food group database established by Song et al. [21] In the nutrient grouping database, the other foods except representatives in KFGS and mixed dishes were classified on the basis of energy, nutrient contents, and recipe. Juice and ice foam were excluded from 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products' groups respectively in this study.
To evaluate children's food group intake, private nutrient grouping score was calculated past using percent adherence to the recommended servings in the KFGS [twenty]. The KFGS, which is applicable to individuals aged iii and more than years, provides recommended number of servings for each food group according to historic period and sex. In this study, children's intake of 'Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs, and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits', and 'Milk and Dairy products' was evaluated.
Individual food group score was calculated as follows:
Food grouping score = (number of servings consumed ÷ number of servings recommended in KFGS) × 100.
Maximum score was 100 for any food group and if intake was higher than 100% of recommended servings, a score of 100 was assigned. Scores below 100 indicates that the nutrient grouping was consumed less than the KFGS recommendation, and score equal to 100 implies that the food group intake is equivalent to or more than than the KFGS recommendation. 'Food group hateful score' was obtained from the average of five individual scores.
Statistical analyses
Analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 software (Statistic Analysis Organization; version ix.3, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.). Taylor series method was practical to account for multiple stage sampling. All estimates were produced to represent Korean population using the sample weight for joint analysis of nutrition survey and health interview survey. Descriptive statistics were presented every bit per centum frequency or mean and standard error. Children's characteristics past family unit structure were analyzed with Rao-Scott Chi-Square test and Analysis of Variance examination (ANOVA). Multivariate analysis using Assay of Covariance examination (ANCOVA) was applied to control for age, sex activity, number of family unit members, and household income. The differences in hateful values of nutrient group scores of participants with different family structure were analyzed. To examine the association between family unit construction and nutrient grouping scores of children, multivariate regression model was tested. In the examination, v independent variables were included: family structure, age, sex, number of family members and household income. Chiselled variables such as family structure, sexual activity, and household income were included in the model every bit dummy variables. Statistical significance was prepare at α = 0.05.
RESULT
Subject characteristics
Characteristics of the children past family unit structure are presented in Table 1. Lower percentage of young children (3-5 yrs of age) and college percent of older children (12-18 yrs of age) lived with one parent (P < 0.001). Majority of children living without parents (84.9%) or living with i parent (71.0%) were distributed below the 50th percentile of household income. Number of family members was significantly dissimilar among children with dissimilar family structure.
Table 1
Children's characteristics by family structure1) (due north = 3,217)
Food group scores
Children's nutrient group scores and mean scores of individual food group scores were presented in Tabular array 2. Results showed that mean scores of total subjects were less than 50 for both 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products', whereas the mean was approximately 90 for 'Grains'. Later adjusting for historic period, sex, number of family members, and household income, children living with both parents had higher scores in 'Fruits' (P < 0.01) and 'Milk and Dairy products' (P < 0.05) compared to children living with one parent. The mean scores of individual nutrient group scores also appeared to be college in children living with both parents than those with one parent (P < 0.001), while 'Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs, and Beans', and 'Vegetables' scores of children with unlike family construction were like to each other.
Table ii
Children's food group score by family structure1) (n = 3,182)
Clan between family structure and children'south food group scores
Regression models for food grouping scores and mean score of individual food group scores with v independent variables that consists of children's family construction and socio-demographic factors were applied (Table 3). The selected models were statistically significant except those for 'Meat, Fish Eggs, and Beans' group score. Socio-demographic factors associated with the food intake of children were unlike in each nutrient group. Family structure was associated with 'Fruits', 'Milk and Dairy products' scores and 'Food grouping mean score,' after adjusting for historic period, sex, number of family unit members, and household income. Household income was also strongly associated with nutrient group scores such as 'Grains', 'Milk and Dairy' groups and 'Nutrient grouping mean score'.
Table 3
Regression model of nutrient group scores1) (north = 3,182)
DISCUSSION
This study was to examine the association betwixt family structure and food grouping intake of children in Korea. The study results represented that children living with both parents had college nutrient grouping scores for 'Fruits', 'Milk and Dairy products', and the mean score of private nutrient grouping scores compared to children living with one parent. Individual nutrient group scores were associated with different socio-demographic factors of children. Food groups of which consumption was associated with family unit structure of children were 'Fruits', 'Milk and Dairy products' and overall intake of the 5 food groups.
In this study, about 12.3% of children were lived with 1 parent. Information technology was similar to the results of the 2010 Population and Housing Demography [vi], while the proportion was lower than those of foreign countries [7,eight,10,14]. Other domestic studies on uncomplicated school children from low-income households [22,23] showed that higher proportion of children lived with one parent than current written report but the results were non produced from representative samples.
In this study, children had insufficient intakes of both 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products' whatever the family unit structure is. This result was consistent with a study of Shim et al. [24] that had used the 2001 KNHANES data to examine the dietary intake of children aged 6-18 years past household income level. Low intake of 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products' groups is common dietary intake problem in children, which can ultimately atomic number 82 to wellness problems related to vitamin C, calcium, and riboflavin deficiency. Sufficient intake of milk and dairy products as important souses of calcium is necessary to support growth during childhood. Furthermore, adequate calcium supply to achieve higher peak os mass is crucial during this growth flow in order to maintain high os density in later life [25]. Therefore, more rigorous approaches are needed for nutrition education and policy that aim to promote the intake of 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products' for children.
Children living with both parents had higher scores for 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products' groups and overall food groups compared to children living with one parent. A study [26] on childcare expenses per children indicated that grocery expenses in unmarried-headed households was 89.2% of the expenses in total household and the expenses in beneficiaries of bones livelihood aid program was 72.1%. Healthy foods such as fresh vegetables, fruits, and milk and dairy products were more than expensive on a per calorie basis than less healthy foods (due east.g. fatty, sugar, refined grains) and depression income households tended to spend and consume less fruits than high income households [27,28]. Therefore, it can be assumed that unmarried-headed households, who also happen to take low household income, have a tendency to choose foods that see their energy needs at lower price rather than to buy foods of greater variety and capability at higher cost.
The lower food group scores in unmarried-headed households are thought to be partially due to lack of care including preparation of meals composed of diverse and acceptable amount of foods. A large volume of literature suggests that family meals are associated with higher fruit and vegetable intake [29,30,31,32]. A qualitative study of perspectives on healthy family meals from single-headed and dual-headed households identified several reasons for barriers to family meals [33]. Parents from dual-headed households reported that busy schedules were major barriers to having family meal. While parents from unmarried-headed households identified cost was a major barrier to health family meal, they also reported that they felt burden of sole responsibility to carry out family meal.
Despite the fact that children living without parents had the lowest household income, intake of food groups and 'hateful food group score' were non statistically different when compared with the children living with parents. An explanation for this observation is that fifty-fifty if children are not living with their parents, their dietary intake may non exist compromised particularly when they are nether direct care from their grandparents or other household members. As shown in Fig. 1, household of 'children living without parents' consisted of couple of adults.
Furthermore, a report by Sung et al. [34] suggested that interpersonal relationship in children was similar or slightly better in children nether custodial care from grand-parents than those living with their parents. Children with custodial grand-parents had much more positive aspects in quality of life, and criminal behaviors were 2-3 folds lower than children in single-parent family. Every bit such, information technology can be understood that grandparents or other care-giving household members might give positive influence on children.
There are several limitations in this study. First, this study used data from KNHANES V (2010-2011) with one-24-hour interval dietary intake. Second, this study mainly focused on the influence of family structure on nutrient group intake of children. However factors such as siblings living in the household, availability and accessibility of food items within dwelling, neighborhood food environments such every bit restaurants, food stores, and media could influence on food choice and intake in children but were not deemed for [5]. Current written report classified children's family structure into three groups ('Living with both parents', 'Living with one parent', and 'Living without parents'). In reality, family structures are a lot more complicated. Thus, more detailed classification system could exist required (due east.grand. reconstituted family such as mother-stepfather, father-stepmother; i parent family such every bit non-marital childbearing, married simply divorce or bereavement; custodial grandparent family). 3rd, current written report was based on secondary data and potential confounding variables could not be fully controlled (e.g. chief care giver'south socio-demographic characteristics). Nevertheless, this is the first study which evaluate children's food group intake in reference to 2010 revised KFGS by family structure, and identify the relationship between children's family construction and their food group intake. This report documented socio-demographic characteristics related to food intake of children, which could be a basis for national policy, project, and interventions in regard to children's family construction aiming to solve the nutrition problems of children in Korea.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4122720/#:~:text=Some%20studies%20indicated%20that%20children,8%2C9%2C10%5D.
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